DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF CONCRETE SENSOR TO MEASURE ONSITE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Ilesanmi Olanrewaju Olofintuyi; Chinwuba Arum; Samuel Lambe Akingbonmire; Bolanle Adefowoke Ojokoh; Sunday Olubunmi Faluyi; Tunde Shadrack Akinkuade

doi:10.4314/njt.v43i3.5

Authors

I. O. Olofintuyi Civil Engineering Department, Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8519-6270
C. Arum Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria., and Department of Civil and Mining Engineering, University of Namibia..
S. L. Akingbonmire Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
B. A. Ojokoh Department of Information Studies, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
S. O. Faluyi Department of Civil Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
T. S. Akinkuade Science Technology Department, Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v43i3.5

Keywords:

maturity, flexural strength, Concrete sensor, Temperature and Device

Abstract

According to sustainable development goals 13 which emphasized on Infrastructure, Innovation and Industry. Innovation through creation and development of device is important in order for developing countries like Nigeria to attain her self-realization in industrialization. In this paper, a concrete sensor called “ConSor” was developed to measure onsite strength of concrete using the principle of maturity described in ASTM C-1074. The materials used are DB1386 thermocouple, arduino board having wireless modules and components to enable seamless and wireless communication of data to the web. The device was programmed using C++ to read temperature (heat data) generated from the concrete and convert it using the maturity function (equation) to maturity. The maturity was thereafter converted to strength through calibration from crushed laboratory samples of same mix. The results obtained from the developed device was compared with industry-established concrete sensors (Commandcenter sensor and Hilti concrete sensor) and laboratory samples using appropriate standards of concrete testing. The results obtained at each curing ages for the Consor was closer in accuracy of ±0.05N/mm² to the industry- established concrete sensors for strength and ±0.5℃ and for temperature readings. This is a clear indication that the developed device has capacity and suitability to be deployed for onsite strength of concrete.

References

[1] González-lópez, G., Romeu, J., Cairó, I., Segura, I., Ikumi, T., and Jofre-roca, L. “Wireless Sensing of Concrete Setting Process”, 2020; pp.1–13. https://doi.org/10.339 0/s20205965

[2] González-López, G., Blanch, S., Romeu, J., Jofre, L. “Debye: Frequency-Extended Waveguide Permittivity Extraction for High Complex Permittivity Materials: Concrete Setting Process Characterization”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2019, 69, 5604–5613

[3] Utepov, Y., Tulebekova, A., Aldungarova, A., Zharassov, S., and Sabitov, Y. “Performance of a Wireless Sensor Adopted in Monitoring of Concrete Strength”, International Journal of GEOMATE, 23(95), 2022; 73–80. https://doi.o rg/10.21660/2022.95.3265

[4] Chong K. P. “Health monitoring of civil structures”, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 892–898, 1999.

[5] Cataldo, A., De Benedetto, E., and Cannazza, G. “Hydration Monitoring and Moisture Control of Cement-Based Samples Through Embedded Wire-Like Sensing Elements”, IEEE Sens. J2015, 15, 1208–1215.

[6] Adetona, S., Ahemba, L., and Imoize, A. L. “Design and Implementation of a Low Cost Experimental Testbed for Wireless Sensor Networks”, Nigerian Journal of Technology, 37(1), 2017; pp. 226–232. doi:10.4314/njt.371. 1600.

[7] ASTM. “Estimating Concrete Strength by the Maturity Method 1”, ASTM C 1074-04, 2004; 1–9.

[8] Glisic, B. “Concise Historic Overview of Strain Sensors Used in the Monitoring of Civil Structures: The First One Hundred Years”, Sensors, 22(6), 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/ s22062397

[9] Cassese, P., Rainieri, C., and Occhiuzzi, A. “Applications of cement-based smart composites to civil structural health monitoring: A review”, Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(18), 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/app1118 8530

[10] Sun, M., Staszewski, W. J., and Swamy, R. N. “Smart sensing technologies for structural health monitoring of civil engineering structures”, Advances in Civil Engineering, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/724962

[11] ASTM C923/C293M. ASTM Standards C 293-02. “Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Center-Point Loading)”, 2002, 1–3. https://normanray.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/kuliah-7-c293.pdf

[12] Taheri, S. “A review on five key sensors for monitoring of concrete structures, Construction and Building Materials, Volume 204, pp 492-509, ISSN 0950-0618, 2019. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.172. (https://www .sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061819302090)

[13] Curra, R. L., Pacheco, F., Ehrenbring, H. Z., Christ, R., Patzlaff, J. O., Trevisan, R., Bernardo and Tutikian, F. “Application of the maturity method to reinforced concrete roof slabs, revista Matéria”, v.26, n.4, 2021.

[14] American Society for Testing and Materials – ASTM. C1074 – “Standard Practice For Estimating Concrete Strength by the Maturity Method”, 2019.

[15] Utepov, Ye. B., Aniskin, A., Ibrashov, A. P., Tulebekova, A. “Maturity sensors placement based on the temperature transitional boundaries”, Magazine of Civil Engineering, 90(6). pp. 93–103, journal homepage: http://engstroy.spbstu.ru/

[16] Taheri, S. “A review on five key sensors for monitoring of concrete structures”, Construction and Building Materials. 2019. № 204 Pp. 492–50 DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2 019.01.172.

[17] Ge, Z., and Wang, K. “Modified heat of hydration and strength models for concrete containing fly ash and slag”, Computers and concrete. 2009 № 1(6). pp. 19–40 DOI:10.12989/cac.2009.6.1.019

[18] Zemajtis, J. Z. “Role of Concrete Curing”, Portland Cement Association. Skokie, 2014.

[19] Anwar Hossain, K. M. “Influence of extreme curing conditions on compressive strength and pulse velocity of lightweight pumice concrete”, Computers and concrete. 2009. № 6(6). Pp.437–450. DOI:10.12989/cac.2009.6.6.437.

[20] Chen, H.-J., Yang, T.-Y., and Tang, C.-W. “Strength and durability of concrete in hot spring Environments”, Computers and concrete. 2009. № 4(6). Pp. 269–280. DOI:10. 12989/cac.2009.6.4.269.

[21] Zhang, B., Cullen M., and Kilpatrick, T. “Spalling of heated high performance concrete due to thermal and hygric gradients”, Advances in concrete construction. 2016. № 1(4). Pp. 1–14. DOI:10.12989/acc.2016.4.1.001.

[22] Farzampour, A. “Temperature and humidity effects on behavior of grouts // Advances in concrete construction”, An international journal, 2017. № 5(6). Pp. 659–669. DOI:10.1 2989/acc.2017.5.6.659.

[23] Li, Z., Jin, Z., Gao, Y., Zhao, T., Wang, P., and Li, Z. “Coupled application of innovative electromagnetic sensors and digital image correlation technique to monitor corrosion process of reinforced bars in concrete”, Cem. Concr. Compos., vol. 113, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103730.

[24] Miller, D., Ho, N. M., Talebian, N., and Javanbakht, Z. “Real-time monitoring of early-age compressive strength of concrete using an IoT-enabled monitoring system: an investigative study”, Innov. Infrastruct. Solut., vol. 8, no. 2, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s41062-023-01043-7.

[25] Tenório Filho, J. R., Abbas, Y., Oudenhoven, J., and Matthys, S. “Application of Cost Effective and Real-Time Resistivity Sensor to Study Early Age Concrete”, Sensors, vol. 23, no. 17, pp. 1–15, 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23177 525.

[26] Iqbal, F., Ahmed, S., Burhan, A., Ilyas, M., and Muhanid Shah, M. “IoT Based Real Time Early Age Concrete Compressive Strength Monitoring”, Sustain. Struct. Mater., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 26–31, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.26392/SSM.2023.06.01.026

[27] Ilevbaoje, J. O., Arum, C., and Omoare, A. “Determination of Reference Service Life for Reinforced Concrete Multistorey Residential Buildings: Case Study of Akure, Nigeria”, Niger. J. Technol., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 209–215, 2023, doi: 10.4314/njt.v42i2.7.

[28] Orie, O. U., Ogbonna, U. K., State, E., and Ani, O. A. “Numerical Method for Predicting First Crack Load on Hollow-Cored Beams Subjected to Point Load At Midspan,” Nigeria,” Niger. J. Technol.vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 44–50, 2024.