PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENT ECO-FRIENDLY DEMULSIFIERS FROM CALABASH SEED FOR EMULSION MANAGEMENT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v43i4.6Keywords:
Calabash Seed, Demulsifiers, Emulsion, Characterization, Nano-particle, Bio-based DemulsifiersAbstract
The process of crude oil demulsification is still confronted with numerous challenges within the petroleum industry. Consequently, it is pertinent to develop innovative means or materials to accomplish the efficient separation of oil–water emulsions. In this work, three different Eco-friendly demulsifier: oil-based, ethanol-based and Nano-based demulsifiers were prepared via a simple one-step hydrothermal route using Lagenaria siceraria (calabash) seed as raw materials. The eco-friendly demulsifiers were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic (GC-MS) and their chemical content and Physico-chemical properties compared with a commercial demulsifier (Phase treat). The results obtained showed that the seed have an oil content of 31%. The phytochemical screening of the extracted oil reveals the presence of most compounds found in chemical demulsifiers such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids etc. The FT-IR spectra of the chemical demulsifier was found to be similar to that of the oil and most of the functional groups present in the ethanol and oil-bases demulsifiers whereas that of Nano-based was observed to differ. The GC-MS analysis reveals the presence of both lipophilic and hydrophilic compound needed for demulsifiers preparation. In the bottle test analysis carried out to determine the efficacy of the eco-friendly demulsifiers, it was observed that the nano-based demulsifier performed better than the commercial demulsifier in the following trend: Nano-based > commercial > ethanol-based > oil-based. This current study not only encourage the effectual application of agricultural waste (Calabash seed), but also creates an understanding into the search of new demulsifying materials that would offer excellent performance. Finally, future investigations should focus on assessing the efficacy, stability, and potential industrial applications of these bio-demulsifiers and Nano-based demulsifiers.
References
[1] Ali, N., Bilal, M., Khan, A., Ali, F., Yang, Y., Khan, M., Adil, S.F., Iqbal, H.M. “Dynamics of oil-water interface demulsification using multifunctional magnetic hybrid and assembly materials”,. Journal of Molecular Liquid. 312, 2020; 113434.
[2] Shireen, A.H., Babiker, K.A., and Mustafa, A.M. “Adding Silica Nanoparticles to Improve the Demulsification Process in a Crude Oil Central Processing Facility: A Techno-economic Analysis”, African Journal of Engineering and Technology (AJET), 2022; https://doi.org/10.47959/AJET.2021.1.1.6.
[3] Peng, K, Liu, W., Xiong, Y., Lu, L., Liu, J., and Huang, X. “Emulsion micro structural evolution with the action of environmentally friendly demulsifying bacteria Colloid Surface Physicochemical”, Engineering Aspect 553, 2018; 528538.
[4] Wang, D., Zhao, Z., Qiao, C, Yang, W., Huang, Y., McKay, P., Yang, D., Liu, Q., Zeng, H. “Techniques for treating slop oil in oil and gas industry: a short review”, Fuel. 279, 2020; 118482.
[5] Wamda, F. E. and Fares, A. “Enhanced oil recovery using hyperbranched polyglycerol polymer-coated silica nanoparticles”, Chemo-sphere, 285, 2021; 131295. https://doi.org/10 .1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131295.
[6] Zhang, L., Ying, H., Yan, S., Zhan, N., Guo, Y., and Fang, W. “Hyperbranched poly (amido amine) demulsifiers with ethylenediamine/1,3-propanediamine as an initiator for oil-in-water emulsions with microdroplets”, Fuel. 226, 2018; 381-388.
[7] Oboh, O. J., Ajekwene, K.K., Okele, A.I., Ichetaonye, S.I and Mohammed, I.B. “Effects of cellulosic micro-and nano-sized fillers on strength and microstructure of rubber composite”, .Nigerian Journal of technology, 2024; 43(2): 294-300. http://doi.org/10.4314/n jt.v43i2
[8] Maddah, Z.H., Naife, T.M. “Demulsification of Water in Iraqi Crude Oil Emulsion”, Journal of Engineering, 2019, 25:37 [Crossref], [Google Scholar], [Publisher]
[9] Yi, M., Huang, J., Wang, L. “Research on crude oil demulsification using the combined method of ultrasound and chemical demulsifier”, Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 2017:9147926 [Crossref], [Google Scholar], [Publisher]
[10] Okafor, I., Adewumi, C.N., Jakada, K., Nzerem, P., Oche, E.O., and Danbauchi, S. “Preparation and Characterization of Different Bio-Based Demulsifier from Corncob for Crude Oil Emulsion Management”, Petroleum and Coal, 66(2), 2024: 720-730.
[11] Jerushka, S.M., Suresh, B. N. K., Karen, P.S., and Patrick, G. “Green synthesis of silver nano particles from Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and its antimicrobial potential”, Adv. Nat. Sci.: Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2018; 9 015011 https://doi.org/10.1088/2043- 6254/aaabb2
[12] Tiwari, J.N., Tiwari, R.N., Kim, K.S. “Zero-dimensional, one dimensional, two dimensional and three-dimensional nanostructured materials for advanced electrochemical energy devices”, Prog. Mater Sci. 2012; 57, 724–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.08.003.
[13] Shin, W.-K., Cho, J., Kannan, A.G., Lee, Y.-S., Kim, D.-W. “Cross-linked composite gel polymer electrolyte using mesoporous methacrylate-functionalized SiO2 nanoparti-cles for lithium-ion polymer batteries”, Sci. Rep. 6, 2016; 26332. http://dx.doi.org/10.103 8/srep26332.
[14] Nahar K, Aziz S, Bashar MS, Haque MdA, Al-Reza SMd. “Synthesis and characterization of Silver nanoparticles from Cinnamomum tamala leaf extract and its antibacterial potential”, Int. J. Nano Dimens. 11, 2020 ; (1): 88-98.
[15] Azwanida N. N. "A Review on the Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength, and Limitation", Med Aromat Plants, 2015; 4: 196. http://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0 412.1000196.
[16] Danjuma, M. N., and Dandago, M. A. “Extraction and characterization of calabash (Lagenaria siceratia) seed oil”, Techno Science Africana Journal, 2009; 3(1), 66-69.
[17] Azuokwu, A.A. and Eiroboyi, I. “Prospects of Breaking Crude Oil Emulsions Using Demul-sifier Formulated from Nicotiana tabacum Seed Oil, Leaf Extracts, and Stalk Ash Extracts”,. Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2021; 5(2): 44-53. http://doi: 10.11648/j.pse.202105 02.12
[18] He, Y., Wei, F., Ma, Z., Zhang, H., Yang, Q., Yao, B., Huang, Z., Li, J., Zenga, C. and Zhang, Q. “A Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Alpinia katsumadai, and their antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activities”, This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017. RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 39842–39851. http://doi.org/10 .10 39/c7ra05286c.
[19] Yuan H., Fan Y, Guosheng A., Guanxin Z., Chen, L., Shen, L., Ying Y., Xuening F., Zhang, Z.. and Yuanzhu, M. “Preparation of an environmentally friendly demulsifier using waste rice husk as raw materials for oil–water emulsion separation”, Journal of Molecular Liquids; 2022; 367, 120497.
[20] Panchal P, Parvez N “Phytochemical analysis of medicinal herb (ocimum sanctum)”, International Journal of Nanomaterial Nanote-chnol Nanomed, 2019; 5(2): 008-011. http://d oi.org/10.17352/2455-3492.000029
[21] Ogwuda,U. A. Adewumi, C.N. And Anyip, P. J. Ochi, I.O. “Chemical Analysis and Phytochemical Screening of Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) Flower Buds”, International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, 2022; 4(12): 11391149.. http://www.doi.org/10.56726 /IRJMETS32302
[22] Adewumi, C.N., Achugasim, O., Ogali, R.E., Akaranta, O. “Phytochemical and Physicoc-hemical Characterization of starches from non-edible sources: Icacina trichantha Oliv and Anchomanes difformis Blume”, IOSR Journal of Chemistry, 2019; Vol 12(2); 17-22.
[23] Dhifi, W., Beillili, S., Jazi, S., Bahloul, N., and Mnif, W. “Essential oils chemical characteri-zation and investigation of some biological activites. A critical review”, Medicines, 2016; 3(4): 25
[24] Adewumi, C.N., James, J.O and Ogwuda, U.A. “Comparative Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Characterization of Native and Modified Starches from Jackfruit, Corn and Cassava as Potential Additives in Drilling Fluid”, Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 2024; 26 (2): 250-266. http://doi.org/1 0.9734/JERR/2024/v26i21087
[25] Hug, A. Md. “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle using pseudoduganella eburnean MAHUQ-39 and their antimicrobial mechan-ism investigation against drug resistant human pathogens”, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020; 21,1510
[26] Ojinnaka C. M., Ajienka J. A., Abayeh O. J., Osuji L. C., Duru R. U. “Formulation of best-fit hydrophile/lipophile balance-dielectric permit-ivity demulsifiers for treatment of crude oil”, Onyegbado, CO; Iyagba, ET; Offor, OJ (2002): “Solid soap production using plantain peels ash as source of alkali”. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum (2016) 25, 565– 574.
[27] Emuchay D., Onyekonwu M. O., Ogolo N. A., Ubani C. “Breaking of emulsions using locally formulated demusifiers”, SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibi-tion, Society of Petroleum Engineers, August 2013.
[28] Santos, A. O., Veiga-Santos, P., Ueda-Nakamara, T., Dias-Fillio, B.P., Bianco, E.M., Pereira, R.C and Nakamura, C.V. “Effect of Elatol, Isolated from red seeweed Laurenc-edendroidea. on Leishana amazonensis”, Marine drugs, 2010; 8(11): 2733-2743.
[29] Santos, S. A., Marques, P. A., and Silvestre, A. J. “Development of cellulose-based materials as oil demulsifiers. Industrial Crops and Produ-cts”, 2019; 140, 111604. http://doi:10.1016 /j.indcrop.2019.111604.
[30] Xu, C., Zhang, C., Cheng, F., Zhao, X., Ma, J., and Song, Y. “Cellulose-based demulsifiers for efficient separation of oil-water emulsions”, Carbohydrate Polymers, 2022; 277, 118935. http://doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118935.
[31] Ibrahim, K., Khalid S., and Idrees K. “Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and Toxicities”, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 12, 908–931 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.20 17.05.011
[32] Chen, X., Liu, Y., Yao, C., Liu, Z., Zhang, S., and Jiang, J. “Demulsification of oil-in-water emulsions using magnetic cellulose nanocry-stal-supported nanoparticles”, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 7(13), 11266-11275. http://doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00844
[33] Li, X., Zhao, S., Fu, Y., Huang, Z., and Wu, M. “Demulsification of crude oil emulsion by nanocellulose-based materials”, Carbohydrate Polymers, 251, 117048. http:// doi: 10.1016/j.c arbpol.2020.117048.
[34] Yuan, H., Zhang, Z., Mi, Y., Ye, F., Liu, W., Kuan, J., Jiang, X., and Luo, Y. “Demulsifi-cation of water-containing crude oil driven by environmentally friendly SiO2@CS Composite materials”, Energy Fuels, 2020; 34: 8316–8324.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Nigerian Journal of Technology

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The contents of the articles are the sole opinion of the author(s) and not of NIJOTECH.
NIJOTECH allows open access for distribution of the published articles in any media so long as whole (not part) of articles are distributed.
A copyright and statement of originality documents will need to be filled out clearly and signed prior to publication of an accepted article. The Copyright form can be downloaded from http://nijotech.com/downloads/COPYRIGHT%20FORM.pdf while the Statement of Originality is in http://nijotech.com/downloads/Statement%20of%20Originality.pdf
For articles that were developed from funded research, a clear acknowledgement of such support should be mentioned in the article with relevant references. Authors are expected to provide complete information on the sponsorship and intellectual property rights of the article together with all exceptions.
It is forbidden to publish the same research report in more than one journal.